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| Basics Of Hardware And Software |
Basics Of Hardware And Software:-
Hardware:-
- The equipment and the product make up a total working PC framework. Equipment is the mechanical gadget in a PC framework that is interconnected for activity. The client will most likely be unable to see all the equipment gadgets since they are inward to the PC's packaging.
- An illustration of this would be capacity drives. The vast majority of the equipment gadgets are a piece of the motherboard that is liable for controlling the PC.
- The physical parts of a computer are called hardware. Many different kinds of hardware components can be installed inside and connected to the outside of a computer. Examples of hardware components are motherboard microprocessors, ICs, hard disks, floppy disks, optical disks, monitor keyboards, printers, and computer projects.
- Figure 1.1 shows a digital computer system's five major buildblockslock or functional units. These five units correspond to the five basic operations, namely the input unit, storage unit, central processing unit, and output unit, which further includes the Arithmetic unit, and control unit carried out by all computer systems.
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| Figure 1.1: Block Diagram of Computer |
The four operations are: - Input:- Sending the data to the computer is known as input.
- Storage:- A place to save a result inside or outside the computer is known as storage.
- Output:- The result displayed by the computer is known as output.
- Processing:- The task of processing operations like arithmetic and logical operation is called processing. The CPU takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit. CPU includes ALU and CU.
What is CPU?
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| CPU microprocessor chip |
- The central processing unit (CPU), also known as a microprocessor, acts as the brain of the computer.
- CPU is the brain of any computer system.
- In the human
body, the brain takes all major decisions, and all
other parts of the body function as directed by the brain.
- Similarly, in a computer system, all major calculations,
manipulations, and comparisons are made by the CPU. The
CPU is also responsible for all other units of the computer
system.
a) ALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit
b) CU – Control Unit
c) Main Memory or Primary Memory- A microprocessor contains a Control, Arithmetic, and Logic Unit (ALU). When the main memory is added to a microprocessor, it becomes the CPU.
Primary Memory :
This is also called Main Memory. Before the actual processing starts, the data and the instructions fed to the computer through the input units are stored in this primary storage unit. Similarly, the data which is to be output from the computer system is also temporarily stored in the primary memory. It is also the area where the intermediate results of the calculation are stored. The main memory has a storage section that holds the computer's programs during execution. Thus, the primary unit:
- Storage data and programs during actual processing.
- Stores temporary results of intermediate processing.
- Stores results of execution temporarily.
Random Access Memory (RAM):-
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| Random Access Memory (RAM) |
- RAM is a read/write memory. Information can
be written into and read from a RAM.
- It retains the stored
information as long as it is supplied with a power
supply.
- When the power supply is switched off or
interrupted, the stored information in the RAM
is lost.
- RAMs of various capacities are available,
for example, 256 MB, 512 MB, and so on.
Advantages of RAM:
- RAM is used to store data for processing on the CPU.
- More RAM is a factor to increase the speed of a computer.
- If a CPU wants to read the data from the RAM, it is fast compared to data access from hard disk, CD, DVD, floppy, and USB.
The disadvantage of RAM:
- Less RAM is a factor to decrease the speed of a computer.
- If a CPU wants to read the data from the RAM, then it is slow as compared to data access from registers and cache.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):-
- Arithmetic and logic unit is part of the CPU, where all the processing jobs are performed.
- The two types of operations are performed inside the ALU, namely, arithmetic operation and logical operation.
- Arithmetic operation means calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of data. Similarly, logical operation means the comparison of data like equal to, greater than, less than, and not equal.
- All the operations are by ALU under the directions of the control unit. Once the data enters memory, the data necessary for processing is transferred into the ALU.
- When processing completes, the data is again transferred back into the memory unit.
- After the completion of processing, the final results, which are stored in the memory unit, are released to an output device.
Control unit:-
- Is the “boss” and
coordinates all of the CPU’s activities.
- Uses programming instructions, it
controls the flow of information through
the processor by controlling what
happens inside the processor.
- We communicate with the computer
through programming languages.
Examples: COBOL, C++, HTML,
JavaScript or2 Visual Basic or
VisualBasic.net
This unit is responsible for controlling the entire working of the computer. The timing and control signal is generated by this unit and sent to the other units for execution of the program for proper control. It also controls the transfer of data between memory and input/output devices.
Input Devices:-
Input devices is a hardware device that sends data and instructions to the computer. These devices are discussed below.
Mouse:-
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| Figure 1.2: Mouse |
- A mouse is a pointing device. It is held in one hand and is moved across a flat surface. Figure: 1.2 shows the latest type of mouse.
- A mouse is a small device that you can use to
move, select, and open items displayed on your
monitor.
- Most mouse devices have at least two buttons,
left and right.
- Click-and-Drag or Drag-and-Drop
Advantages of a mouse:
- It can be installed without any installation software.
- The mouse allows the computer user to move cursors in any direction.
- It performs various tasks, such as opening a file or moving a folder.
The disadvantage of a mouse:
- Unlike the arrows on a keyboard, which force the user to a limited set of directions, they move the pointer in all directions.
- They need a flat surface or else they won't function.
- A mouse cannot easily be used with a laptop, notebook, or palmtop computer.
Keyboard:-
The keyboard is a device through which you can enter data or instructions in a computer and it is known as an input device. It looks alike a typewriter. It contains multiple keys, when a key is pressed, an electronic signal is produced, which is detected by an electronic circuiCalala-led keyboard encoder (see Figure 1.3:).
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| Figure 1.3:K eyboard |
- At the top of the keyboard are function keys (F1 to F2). Their functions depend upon the program being run. The F1 key is used to get help from the computer.
Advantages of a keyboard:
- Keyboards have special keys that perform specific functions.
- Instead of using the mouse to move the cursor, you can use the arrow key situated on the keyboard to move the cursor on the monitor.
- Keyboard is less expensive.
- Available in a variety of formats
Disadvantages of a keyboard:
- Very slow while moving windows or other objects.
- Not much useful for enlarging or changing the sizes of windows on the screen.
- Not entering some specific type of data, for example, pictures, games, and so on.
Joystick:-
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| Figure 1.4: Joystick |
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| Handheld Scanner |
- A joystick is an input device that is used to control the movement of the cursors or other graphic elements of video games. It has a spherical ball at its lower end and an upper end, as shown in figure 1.4.
- The joystick can be moved right or left, forward or backward.
- The electronic circuitry inside the joystick detects and measures the displacements of the joystick from its central position. This information is sent to the processor.
Advantages of a joystick:
- It gives the user the feeling of more realistic action.
- It moves an object in any direction.
- It is easier to hold than a mouse.
The disadvantaged of a joystick:
- It is limited to certain appliances.
- A mouse is better and easier in controlling on-screen pointers.
Scanner:-
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| Figure 1.5: Scanner |
The scanner is an input device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it into a digital file. A scanner is connected to a computer through a USB, as shown in the following Figure 1.5.
It has three types. They are as follows:
- Flatbed Scanner: A flatbed scanner is also known as a desktop scanner and it works just like a photocopier. This scanner allows the user to place a full piece of paper, book, magazine, p, photo, or any other object onto the scanner's glass surface near. It can scan that object and convert it into digital form.
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| Flatbed Scanner |
- Sheetfed Scanner: A sheetfed scanner is also known as a roller-fed scanner. It works like a fax machine. The images are passed over a roller where it is captured. A sheetfed scanner is very versatile in scanning loose sheets or paper shown in s Figure 1.5.
- Handheld Scanner: A handheld or portable scanner is an optical scanner designed to be moved by hand across the object or document being scanned. It is used for reading an image or data optically from a document. It is operated by hand.
Advantages of a scanner:
- Flatbed scanners are very accurate and can produce high-quality images.
- Any images which are digitized by the scanner can be included on electronic documents.
- Images once digitized can be enhanced with graphics applications.
Disadvantages of a scanner:
- Images produced by the scanner can take up a lot of memory space.
- Images lose some quality in the scanning and digitizing process.
- The final image's quality depends on the original image's quality.
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